Sources of System Vulnerabilities

System vulnerabilities arise from various sources within hardware, software, and human interaction:

• Software and Hardware Design Flaws: Errors introduced during the design, development, or implementation phases of software applications, operating systems, or hardware components can create exploitable weaknesses. This includes programming errors, logical flaws, or insecure architecture choices. For example, a buffer overflow in software can allow an attacker to write malicious code beyond an allocated memory space. Publicly known vulnerabilities in open-source software, as discussed by Hurley and Hemmendinger, also fall into this category due to design or implementation issues.

• Misconfigurations: Incorrect or default settings in hardware, software, or network devices can leave systems exposed. Examples include failing to change default passwords, enabling unnecessary services, or improper access control settings. Security consultant Joseph Migga Kizza highlights such configuration weaknesses as common points of failure.

• Human Factors: Individuals can inadvertently introduce vulnerabilities through negligence, poor security hygiene, or by being susceptible to social engineering tactics. Social engineering, as described by Palumbo and Granger, manipulates people into performing actions or divulging confidential information that compromises system security. This includes phishing, pretexting, or baiting.