Kerberos and SSL are additional layers to enhance authentication. Detail how these enhancements are achieved in both cases.

Kerberos and SSL (TLS) enhance authentication in distinct ways, primarily by leveraging trusted third parties or cryptographic mechanisms.

Kerberos enhances authentication through a trusted third party, the Key Distribution Center (KDC). A user first authenticates with the KDC's Authentication Server (AS) to obtain a Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT). This TGT is then used to request service-specific tickets from the KDC's Ticket Granting Server (TGS). The user presents these service tickets to the desired application server. The server verifies the ticket to authenticate the user without requiring the user's password to be sent over the network again. This system provides strong mutual authentication between the user and the server, ensuring both parties verify each other's identity.

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), now primarily TLS (Transport Layer Security), enhances authentication by establishing a secure communication channel between a client and a server. During the SSL/TLS handshake, the server presents a digital certificate issued by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA). The client verifies this certificate to confirm the server's identity and obtain its public key. This public key then secures the exchange of a pre-master secret, from which symmetric session keys are derived by both parties. All subsequent communication is encrypted using these session keys, providing confidentiality and integrity. This process prevents impersonation and ensures data privacy and integrity during transmission.